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Efficacy of bioelectrochemical and electrochemical systems in ammonia recovery from slaughterhouse wastewater
Afaf Abdel Razik Mohamed, Ali El-Dissouky Ali, Mohamed Salah El-Din Hassouna, Amel F. Elhusseiny +2
KI-Zusammenfassung
72 % KonfidenzThis study evaluated microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and electrochemical systems (ECS) for ammonia removal and recovery from slaughterhouse wastewater at 500–1500 ppm initial concentrations. A graphite anode coated with nanographene oxide (from pomegranate peels) outperformed uncoated controls, especially at high ammonia levels. MFC systems achieved 83–99% removal with no external power; ECS systems achieved 21–100% removal at 40–80 mA applied current, consuming 0.32–3.13 kWh kg⁻¹ N, substantially lower than nitrification–denitrification or air stripping.
Zentrale Erkenntnisse
Zielkonflikt MFC1 (uncoated) achieved 96.2% ammonia removal at 500 ppm in 13 days, but removal dropped to 85.6% at 1500 ppm; MFC2 (coated) showed inverse behavior: 83.4% at 500 ppm but 99.4% at 1500 ppm in 25 days.
Was heißt das. Electrode coating with nanographene oxide shifts the operating window toward high-ammonia wastewaters; uncoated electrodes are better only for dilute feeds below 500 ppm.
Schwellenwert ECS2 at 80 mA achieved 80% ammonia recovery efficiency at 1000 ppm initial concentration, while ECS1 achieved only 45.84% under identical conditions.
Was heißt das. Applied current of 80 mA is necessary to unlock high recovery efficiency in coated systems; 40 mA is insufficient for concentrated feeds.
Mechanismus Cathode pH rose from 7–8 to 11–13 during ECS operation, converting NH4+ to NH3 for volatilization and recovery; anode pH dropped to 2–3 in ECS2, indicating complete ammonium depletion.
Was heißt das. Monitor anode pH drop as a real-time indicator of ammonia depletion; high cathode pH (>11) is required for recovery but limits downstream use of the recovered product.
Leistung Energy consumption for ECS2 ammonia recovery was 2.272 kWh kg⁻¹ at 500 ppm and 3.804 kWh kg⁻¹ at 1000 ppm (80 mA, 6 h), compared to 5.937 and 9.081 kWh kg⁻¹ for ECS1 under the same conditions.
Was heißt das. Nanographene oxide coating reduces energy demand by 62–58% across the tested ammonia range; prioritize coated electrodes for energy-constrained applications.
Leistung Real slaughterhouse wastewater (667.9 ppm initial ammonia) achieved 100% removal and 44.7% recovery in ECS2 at 40 mA in 6 h, but only 80% removal and 35.9% recovery in ECS1.
Was heißt das. Coated systems maintain performance on real wastewater; uncoated systems degrade significantly, suggesting fouling or inhibition by co-contaminants (proteins, lipids) in slaughterhouse effluent.
Widersprüche1
Nur Konflikte, die die Publikation selbst zeigt, jeweils am Text geprüft.
Innerhalb der Publikation Ammonia removal efficiency in MFC1 decreases with increasing initial ammonia concentration, but MFC2 shows the opposite trend.
Eine SeiteMFC1 removal: 96.2% at 500 ppm, 88.5% at 1000 ppm, 85.6% at 1500 ppm
“At low initial ammonia concentration (500 ppm), ammonia removal efficiency was higher in MFC1 than MFC2 (96% and 83%; respectively). By contrast, at higher ammonia concentrations (1000 and 1500 ppm), removal efficiency using MFC1 was 88.5% ”
Andere SeiteMFC2 removal: 83.4% at 500 ppm, 94.4% at 1000 ppm, 99.4% at 1500 ppm
“MFC 2 was not affected by high concentration of ammonia due to the larger electrode surface area (682 m⁻² g −1) and pore size (122 nm), which allows ammonia adsorption on electrode surface and thus decreases the inhibitory effect of the hig”
Einordnung der Autoren. Authors attribute the inversion to electrode surface area and pore size in the coating, which enables ammonia adsorption and buffers against inhibition at high concentrations. MFC1 lacks this capacity and is inhibited by high ammonia. This is a mechanistic explanation, not a true contradiction.
Ansatzpunkte6
Konkrete Lücken in dieser Publikation, jeweils mit einem Experiment, das sie schließen würde.
Hoch No measurement of nitrite (NO2⁻) or nitrous oxide (N2O) accumulation in either MFC or ECS systems despite nitrogen cycling occurring in the anode chamber.
Ammonia is oxidized to nitrogen oxides in the anode; the paper does not report whether NO2⁻ or N2O accumulate, which would indicate incomplete oxidation or denitrification side-reactions. This is critical for understanding nitrogen mass balance and environmental impact.
Versuch. Measure NO2⁻, NO3⁻, and N2O in anode and cathode chambers at 500, 1000, 1500 ppm initial ammonia over the full treatment period; use ion chromatography and gas chromatography.
Hoch No systematic variation of applied current density (mA cm⁻²) or cathode potential (V vs. Ag/AgCl) in ECS experiments; only two fixed currents (40 and 80 mA) tested.
Current density and cathode potential are known to control ammonia recovery efficiency and N2O selectivity in electrochemical systems. The paper applies absolute current without normalizing to electrode area, making it impossible to compare with other studies or scale up.
Versuch. Vary current density from 5 to 50 mA cm⁻² at fixed cathode potentials (−0.5 to −1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl); measure ammonia removal, recovery, and N2O production.
Mittel No investigation of hydraulic retention time (HRT) or residence time effects; ECS experiments run for only 6 h with fixed flow rate (18 mL min⁻¹) and MFC experiments run to completion (13–25 days) without intermediate time-course data.
HRT is a critical operating parameter in bioelectrochemical systems. The paper does not explore whether shorter or longer residence times improve recovery efficiency or reduce energy consumption.
Versuch. Vary HRT from 2 to 24 h in ECS by adjusting flow rate; measure ammonia removal, recovery, and energy consumption as a function of HRT at fixed current density.
Mittel No measurement of dissolved oxygen (DO) in anode or cathode chambers; anaerobic conditions assumed but not verified.
Oxygen ingress into the anode chamber would suppress exoelectrogenic bacteria and shift ammonia oxidation pathways. DO in the cathode affects the cathode reaction and pH dynamics.
Versuch. Monitor DO continuously in both chambers using oxygen probes; correlate DO with ammonia removal rate and current generation in MFC systems.
Mittel No characterization of the microbial community in MFC anode biofilm; mechanism of ammonia oxidation and transport not confirmed.
The paper assumes exoelectrogenic bacteria oxidize organic matter and that ammonia is a byproduct, but does not identify the organisms or confirm the metabolic pathway. Nitrifying bacteria may also be present.
Versuch. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of anode biofilm at 500, 1000, 1500 ppm ammonia; correlate community composition with ammonia removal rate and current generation.
Mittel Recovered ammonium sulfate product contaminated with trivalent chromium (from potassium dichromate catholyte) and unsuitable for food crops; no alternative catholyte tested.
The paper acknowledges the chromium contamination and restricts use to non-edible plants, but does not explore alternative electron acceptors (e.g., oxygen, permanganate, ferricyanide) that would yield a clean product.
Versuch. Replace potassium dichromate with dissolved oxygen or ferricyanide as the cathode electron acceptor; measure ammonia recovery efficiency and product purity.
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Literatur-Priors
Was gemacht wurde
- Systemtyp
- MFC
- Substrat
- pure compound
Was funktioniert hat
Zusammenfassung
Abstract Ammonia presence in water has many negative impacts including eutrophication. So, the major objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of microbial fuel cell (MFC) and electrochemical (ECS) systems for their removal and/or recovery from wastewater at different levels of ammonia (500 ppm, 1000 ppm, and 1500 ppm). Additionally, a novel approach was tested by using nanomaterial prepared from pomegranate peel as a coating material for the electrodes as it is abundant in many countries. Two systems were tested: Group (A) with a non-coated graphite plate anode (MFC1 and ECS1) and Group (B) which was coated with nano-graphene oxide made from pomegranate peels (MFC2 and ECS2). Results revealed that MFC1 gave the best ammonia removal efficiency reaching 96.2% when the initial concentration was 500 ppm after 13 days, and MFC2 gave maximum removal efficiency of 94.4% and 99.4% for 1000 and 1500 ppm after 19 and 25 days, respectively. COD results coincided with the removal efficiency. Electrochemical ammonia removal was carried out using two external electrical currents, 40 and 80 mA. Results showed that ECS2 gave the highest ammonia removal efficiency of 95.08% at 80 mA in case of 500 ppm, and the maximum for recovery was 80% when 1000 ppm was tested at 80 mA along with an increase in pH in the cathode chamber. Furthermore, ECS2 consumed less energy than ECS1 for ammonia recovery. ECS2 efficiently treated slaughterhouse wastewater reaching almost 100% ammonia removal; however, the maximum recovery of 44.7% occurred after 6 h, but consuming less energy than ECS1. It was evidenced that using an anode coated with nanographene oxide provided dual benefits of quickness and effective ammonia removal and/or recovery and provisioning energy requirements.
Schlagwörter
Kennungen
- Zeitschrift
- Applied Water Science
- Jahr
- 2025
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